Chapter 13: Rituals

Rituals are ceremonies or repetitive practices that help unite people. Marriage is considered a ritual because it unites two families. It is practiced by many people such as kneeling and praying, going to church, and following traditions at funerals and such other important events.

Chapter 13: Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy refers to something that is predicted falsely and just happens by chance when it becomes true. I could say I predict to be the next great cake boss. That will not happen unless it is by some crazy chance. It's not something that usually happens so it would be "luck" in a way if I could falsely predict that.

Chapter 13: Mainstreaming

Mainstreaming is including all students including students with disabilities in regular school activities. Wheelchairs and interpreters are a couple of examples of accommodations. Students with emotional and behavioral problems are hard to accommodate because of their disruptive behavior. Test scores in classes with a mixture actually have lower scores on tests because of the disruptions. 

Chapter 13: Credential Societies

Credential societies are led by sorting devices such as degrees or diplomas for choosing the right people for jobs/careers. This helps weed out the multiple applications they receive and determines eligibility. Earning your degree shows the effort put towards it and your special skills. It also shows that you are responsible enough to complete a harder task. 

Chapter 10: Sexual Harassment

Sexual harassment is unwanted sexual attention at work or school. It is possible for it to affect your job or school work and may create an uncomfortable hostile environment. When feminism arose, this became more of a defined problem rather than just an obnoxious man. This does not include attraction, rather men using their positions of authority to pressure women for sex. 

Chapter 10: Patriarchy

Patriarchy means that men dominate society. It is centered on reproduction because throughout history women cared for children. Infants needed nursing mothers and without one the child would die. Women had to move slower and stay closer to camp for their children. This allowed men to do the hunting and stay away from camp longer and so became an assumed task of women to take care of children. This is where men became dominant. Women did most of routine things where men could go out and accomplish various things. 

Chapter 10: Feminism

Feminism is a view that biology is not a destiny and stratification is wrong. Feminists would believe that military men and women are equal and that physical strength does not apply because that could be equal as well. They would agree that certain jobs/positions should be equally obtainable and fulfilled by either gender. Feminists also disagree with males having issues with losing and women being okay with their status. 

Chapter 10: Gender

Gender is what a group associates to be proper with males and females. Gender consists of learned behaviors and attitudes that a society deems appropriate. I picked this picture of a couple of friends because it would be strange picturing males doing this. Making kiss faces in our society as a male may be associated with being gay or it would be funny generally. Gender varies around the world.

Chapter 9: Multiculturalism

Multiculturalism or pluralism encourages ethnic and racial variation. Minority groups can have their own identities and beliefs but can freely do what they please in a country's social institutions. Multiculturalism has been very successful in places such as Switzerland to where none of the groups could be called minorities. These groups live peacefully in unity.

Chapter 9: Discrimination

Discrimination is an unfair action towards someone. This can be based on sex, age, gender, weight, skin color, among many more. There is individual discrimination which is just from one person to another. There is also institutional discrimination corresponding with discrimination in society. When discrimination becomes about race, it is known as racism. Discrimination also ties into prejudice easily. Prejudice is a judging of someone in a negative way.

Chapter 9: Assimilation

Assimilation refers to a minority group being absorbed into a mainstream culture. A good example of this is in our education systems. In our culture it is important to attend college, and other cultures that have joined the country may assimilate into this. Here it is a permissible assimilation, meaning it allows the new culture to be adopted at their own speed and in their own ways. 

Chapter 9: Compartmentalize

To compartmentalize is to use labels in making it easier to treat someone bad and seem less human. I say this term applies to animals. If someone were to say they had to hit an animal for misbehaving it sounds way better than saying you had to hit a baby for misbehaving. This is how I would compare the term to it's usage with people of different races. This kind of labeling makes certain groups seem inferior or inhuman so it is easier to treat them poorly.

Chapter 8: Poverty and Social Class

There is a poverty line to determine who is poor in the U.S. If you spend 1/3 of your income on food then you are considered poor. Race-Ethnicity, education, age, and geography are all factors connecting the poor. Most of the nations poor live in the suburbs, only 3 of 100 people that finish college are poor, and elderly are less likely to be poor. 12% of whites are poor compared to 27% of Native Americans. I took a picture of my bike to show that some people that are living in poverty must ride their bikes because they can't afford a car. Two very different methods of transportation based on wealth.

Chapter 8: Property

Property consists of land, housing, bank accounts, animals, businesses and many more things. This ties into wealth by adding someone's property and subtracting their debt. If your debt exceeds your property then you aren't considered very wealthy. Property is another factor of social class. I took a picture of furniture because it is also considered property. 

Chapter 8: Power

Power is the ability to get your way despite resistance. It is another component of social class. Sociologist C. Wright Mills created a term, power elite. Power elite refers to the people in the U.S. that make all of the biggest decisions. These wealthy people look at the world in the same way and view themselves as special. They participate in the same clubs and vacations as well. I took this picture out of a comic book of Thor because he is powerful and a god. Maybe not exactly the same type of power but he would be able to get his way regardless of any resistance. 

Chapter 8: Prestige

A component of social class is occupational prestige. Prestige means respect or regard. Certain careers have higher prestige based on pay, amount of education, the amount of autonomy, and abstract thinking. This is a picture with my grandma and a baby lamb that was just a couple days old. My uncles are farmers and based on looking at Table 8.2 Occupational Prestige chart, their job is not very prestigious. The most prestigious  careers are physicians and supreme court judges.

Chapter 5: Triad

A triad is a group of three people. When you add the third person it puts a strain on the original two. There is another opinion and addition to conversation so the original two wouldn't have as close of a relationship. Triads produce coalitions and arbitration. This means that sometimes two of the people will gang up on one, and sometimes one will play the mediator and settle disagreements. This is a picture of me and two friends. With only two people it allows them to have that closer conversation and form a closer bond.

Chapter 5: Social Networks

Social Networks are made of people that are linked together. A good example of this would be Facebook or Twitter. Social networks could consist of family, friends, and even friends of your friends. Social Networks are really good for getting jobs/careers. Lots of my friends and family have their job from knowing the right people in the field. I picked this picture of an electrical current to show how people could be connected, and in multiple ways.

Chapter 5: In-Groups and Out-Groups

In-Groups and Out-Groups are groups we either feel loyalty towards or antagonism towards. People that are close develop a sense of belonging towards their group. It could be positive with excusing mistakes and encouraging to do better. Out-Groups could lead to discrimination and hatred unfortunately. I took a picture of these posters because a lot of people hate smoking and refuse to be around it while a lot of people want to be able to smoke in restaurants and such. The other poster is of a mushroom so it represents drugs and in my mind I am comparing it to legalization of marijuana. In-Groups and Out-Groups will stick together on each of their sides and have their own opinions. This might create a tension. 

Chapter 5: Primary Groups

Primary groups are based off of intimacy and a sense of belonging. This usually consists of your family and close friends. People that you are more than just acquaintances with, that give you an identity and a feeling of who we are. Primary groups give us our self-esteem and fulfill our basic needs. The attitudes and values of people in our primary groups greatly influence our own beliefs. Primary groups overall influence our perspectives. I picked this picture of me and my fiance because he is a part of my primary group.